1. Overview of Major Forest Types in Sarawak

Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia, is renowned for its remarkable forest diversity and ecological richness. The state’s forests are among the most complex and biologically significant in the world, hosting an incredible range of flora and fauna. Understanding the major forest types in Sarawak is essential for anyone involved in forestry, conservation, eco-tourism, or academic research.

The primary forest types in Sarawak are Lowland Dipterocarp Forests, Hill Dipterocarp Forests, Montane Forests, Peatswamp Forests, and Mangrove Forests. Each of these forest types occupies distinct geographical zones and supports unique communities of plant and animal species. Lowland Dipterocarp Forests, typically found at elevations below 300 meters, are among the most species-rich forests, dominated by towering Dipterocarp trees such as Shorea and Dipterocarpus. These forests are characterised by their dense canopy, diverse undergrowth, and high levels of endemism.

As the land rises, Hill Dipterocarp Forests (300–800 meters elevation) take over, still dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae family but featuring slightly different species adapted to more hilly terrain. Above 800 meters, Montane Forests provide a cooler and more humid environment, supporting tree species that have adapted to these conditions. These forests are noted for their mossy appearance, smaller-statured trees, and a greater abundance of epiphytes and ferns.

Peatswamp Forests are primarily located in the coastal lowlands and river basins. These forests grow on acidic, waterlogged, peaty soils and are dominated by species adapted to low-oxygen conditions. Mangrove Forests, found along Sarawak’s extensive coastline and river estuaries, are specialised ecosystems occupied by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs such as Rhizophora and Avicennia.

Each forest type plays a critical role in sustaining local biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of Sarawak’s indigenous communities. An accurate understanding of these forests lies the foundation for effective identification, management, and conservation efforts.